"I do not feel obligated to believe that the same God who has endowed us with sense, reasons, and intellect has intended us to forgo their use" -Galileo Galilei

"Most people are other people. Their thoughts are someone else's opinions, their lives a mimicry, their passions a quotation" - Oscar Wilde

Wednesday, May 28, 2008

Black Invention Myths? What do you think?

Recently, I encountered a website that claims to dispel myths about black inventions. My first impression is that his goal appears to suggest that blacks invented NOTHING. He gives no black inventor credit for ANYTHING!!! I wonder what his motives were...

I do agree that perhaps some inventions attributed to black inventors may be exaggerated. However, let's not act like blacks invented nothing or contributed nothing to modern science!

Here's what the author had to say:

"Perhaps you've heard the claims: Were it not for the genius and energy of African-American inventors, we might find ourselves in a world without traffic lights, peanut butter, blood banks, light bulb filaments, and a vast number of other things we now take for granted but could hardly imagine life without.
Such beliefs usually originate in books or articles about black history. Since many of the authors have little interest in the history of technology outside of advertising black contributions to it, their stories tend to be fraught with misunderstandings, wishful thinking, or fanciful embellishments with no historical basis. The lack of historical perspective leads to extravagant overestimations of originality and importance: sometimes a slightly modified version of a pre-existing piece of technology is mistaken for the first invention of its type; sometimes a patent or innovation with little or no lasting value is portrayed as a major advance, even if there's no real evidence it was ever used.
Unfortunately, some of the errors and exaggerations have acquired an illusion of credibility by repetition in mainstream outlets, especially during Black History Month (see examples for the
traffic light and ironing board). When myths go unchallenged for too long, they begin to eclipse the truth. Thus I decided to put some records straight. Although this page does not cover every dubious invention claim floating around out there, it should at least serve as a warning never to take any such claim for granted.
Each item below is listed with its supposed black originator beneath it along with the year it was supposedly invented, followed by something about the real origin of the invention or at least an earlier instance of it."


Traffic Signal
Invented by Garrett A. Morgan in 1923? No!
The first known traffic signal appeared in London in 1868 near the Houses of Parliament. Designed by JP Knight, it featured two semaphore arms and two gas lamps. The earliest electric traffic lights include Lester Wire's two-color version set up in Salt Lake City circa 1912, James Hoge's system (US patent #1,251,666) installed in Cleveland by the American Traffic Signal Company in 1914, and William Potts' 4-way red-yellow-green lights introduced in Detroit beginning in 1920. New York City traffic towers began flashing three-color signals also in 1920.
Garrett Morgan's cross-shaped, crank-operated semaphore was not among the first half-hundred patented traffic signals, nor was it "automatic" as is sometimes claimed, nor did it play any part in the evolution of the modern traffic light. For details see
Inventing History: Garrett Morgan and the Traffic Signal.

Gas Mask
Garrett Morgan in 1914? No!
The invention of the gas mask predates Morgan's breathing device by several decades. Early versions were constructed by the Scottish chemist John Stenhouse in 1854 and the physicist John Tyndall in the 1870s, among many other inventors prior to World War I. See
The Invention of the Gas Mask.

Peanut Butter
George Washington Carver (who began his peanut research in 1903)? No!
Peanuts, which are native to the New World tropics, were mashed into paste by Aztecs hundreds of years ago. Evidence of modern peanut butter comes from US patent #306727 issued to Marcellus Gilmore Edson of Montreal, Quebec in 1884, for a process of milling roasted peanuts between heated surfaces until the peanuts reached "a fluid or semi-fluid state." As the product cooled, it set into what Edson described as "a consistency like that of butter, lard, or ointment." In 1890, George A. Bayle Jr., owner of a food business in St. Louis, manufactured peanut butter and sold it out of barrels. J.H. Kellogg, of cereal fame, secured US patent #580787 in 1897 for his "Process of Preparing Nutmeal," which produced a "pasty adhesive substance" that Kellogg called "nut-butter."

George Washington Carver
"Discovered" hundreds of new and important uses for the peanut? Fathered the peanut industry? Revolutionized southern US agriculture? No!
Research by Barry Mackintosh, who served as bureau historian for the National Park Service (which manages the G.W. Carver National Monument), demonstrated the following:
Most of Carver's peanut and sweet potato creations were either unoriginal, impractical, or of uncertain effectiveness. No product born in his laboratory was widely adopted.
The boom years for Southern peanut production came prior to, and not as a result of, Carver's promotion of the crop.
Carver's work to improve regional farming practices was not of pioneering scientific importance and had little demonstrable impact.
To see how Carver gained "a popular reputation far transcending the significance of his accomplishments," read Mackintosh's excellent article
George Washington Carver: The Making of a Myth.

Automatic Lubricator, "Real McCoy"
Elijah McCoy revolutionized industry in 1872 by inventing the first device to automatically oil machinery? No! The phrase "Real McCoy" arose to distinguish Elijah's inventions from cheap imitations? No!
The oil cup, which automatically delivers a steady trickle of lubricant to machine parts while the machine is running, predates McCoy's career; a description of one appears in the May 6, 1848 issue of Scientific American. The automatic "displacement lubricator" for steam engines was developed in 1860 by John Ramsbottom of England, and notably improved in 1862 by James Roscoe of the same country. The "hydrostatic" lubricator originated no later than 1871.
Variants of the phrase Real McCoy appear in Scottish literature dating back to at least 1856 — well before Elijah McCoy could have been involved.
Detailed evidence:
The not-so-real McCoyAlso see The Fake McCoy and Did Somebody Say McTrash?

Blood Bank
Dr. Charles Drew in 1940? No!
During World War I, Dr. Oswald H. Robertson of the US army preserved blood in a citrate-glucose solution and stored it in cooled containers for later transfusion. This was the first use of "banked" blood. By the mid-1930s the Russians had set up a
national network of facilities for the collection, typing, and storage of blood. Bernard Fantus, influenced by the Russian program, established the first hospital blood bank in the United States at Chicago's Cook County Hospital in 1937. It was Fantus who coined the term "blood bank." See highlights of transfusion history from the American Association of Blood Banks.

Blood Plasma
Did Charles Drew "discover" (in about 1940) that plasma could be separated and stored apart from the rest of the blood, thereby revolutionizing transfusion medicine? No!
The possibility of using blood plasma for transfusion purposes was known at least since 1918, when English physician Gordon R. Ward suggested it in a medical journal. In the mid-1930s, John Elliott advanced the idea, emphasizing plasma's advantages in shelf life and donor-recipient compatibility, and in 1939 he and two colleagues reported having used stored plasma in 191 transfusions. (See
historical notes on plasma use.) Charles Drew was not responsible for any breakthrough scientific or medical discovery; his main career achievement lay in supervising or co-supervising major programs for the collection and shipment of blood and plasma.
More:
Charles Drew Mythology

Washington DC city plan
Benjamin Banneker? No!
Pierre-Charles L'Enfant created the layout of Washington DC. Banneker assisted Andrew Ellicott in the survey of the federal territory, but played no direct role in the actual planning of the city. The story of Banneker reconstructing the city design from memory after L'Enfant ran away with the plans (with the implication that the project would have failed if not for Banneker) has been
debunked by historians.

Filament for Light Bulb
Lewis Latimer invented the carbon filament in 1881 or 1882? No!
English chemist/physicist Joseph Swan
experimented with a carbon-filament incandescent light all the way back in 1860, and by 1878 had developed a better design which he patented in Britain. On the other side of the Atlantic, Thomas Edison developed a successful carbon-filament bulb, receiving a patent for it (#223898) in January 1880, before Lewis Latimer did any work in electric lighting. From 1880 onward, countless patents were issued for innovations in filament design and manufacture (Edison had over 50 of them). Neither of Latimer's two filament-related patents in 1881 and 1882 were among the most important innovations, nor did they make the light bulb last longer, nor is there reason to believe they were adopted outside Hiram Maxim's company where Latimer worked at the time. (He was not hired by Edison's company until 1884, primarily as a draftsman and an expert witness in patent litigations).
Latimer also did not come up with the first
screw socket for the light bulb or the first book on electric lighting.

Heart Surgery (first successful)
Dr. Daniel Hale Williams in 1893? No!
Dr. Williams repaired a wound not in the heart muscle itself, but in the sac surrounding it, the pericardium. This operation was not the first of its type:
Henry Dalton of St. Louis performed a nearly identical operation two years earlier, with the patient fully recovering. Decades before that, the Spaniard Francisco Romero carried out the first successful pericardial surgery of any type, incising the pericardium to drain fluid compressing the heart.
Surgery on the actual human heart muscle, and not just the pericardium, was first successfully accomplished by
Ludwig Rehn of Germany when he repaired a wounded right ventricle in 1896. More than 50 years later came surgery on the open heart, pioneered by John Lewis, C. Walton Lillehei (often called the "father of open heart surgery") and John Gibbon (who invented the heart-lung machine).
What medical historians say...

"Third Rail"
Granville Woods in 1901? No!
Werner von Siemens pioneered the use of an electrified third rail as a means for powering railway vehicles when he demonstrated an experimental electric train at the 1879 Berlin Industrial Exhibition. In the US, English-born Leo Daft used a third-rail system to electrify the Baltimore & Hampden lines in 1885. The first electrically powered subway trains, which debuted in London in the autumn of 1890, likewise drew power from a third rail.
Details...

Railway Telegraph
Granville Woods prevented railway accidents and saved countless lives by inventing the train telegraph (patented in 1887), which allowed communication to and from moving trains? No!
The earliest patents for train telegraphs go back to
at least 1873. Lucius Phelps was the first inventor in the field to attract widespread notice, and the telegrams he exchanged on the New York, New Haven & Hartford railroad in January 1885 were hailed in the Feb. 21, 1885 issue of Scientific American as "perhaps the first ever sent to and from a moving train." Phelps remained at the forefront in developing the technology and by the end of 1887 already held 14 US patents on his system. He joined a team led by Thomas Edison, who had been working on his "grasshopper telegraph" for trains, and together they constructed on the Lehigh Valley Railroad one of the only induction telegraph systems ever put to commercial use. Although this telegraph was a technical success, it fulfilled no public need, and the market for on-board train telegraphy never took off. There is no evidence that any commercial railway telegraph based on Granville Woods's patents was ever built. About the patent interference case

Refrigerated Truck
Frederick Jones (with Joseph Numero) in 1938? No! Did Jones change America's eating habits by making possible the long-distance shipment of perishable foods? No!
Refrigerated ships and railcars had been moving perishables across oceans and continents even before Jones was born (see
refrigerated transport timeline). Trucks with mechanically refrigerated cargo spaces appeared on the roads at least as early as the late 1920s (see the proof). Further development of truck refrigeration was more a process of gradual evolution than radical change.

Air Brake / Automatic Air Brake
Granville Woods in 1904? No!
In 1869, a 22-year-old George Westinghouse received US patent #88929 for a brake device operated by compressed air, and in the same year organized the Westinghouse Air Brake Company. Many of the 361 patents he accumulated during his career were for air brake variations and improvements, including his first "automatic" version in 1872 (US #124404).

Air Conditioner
Frederick Jones in 1949? No!
Dr. Willis Carrier built the first machine to control both the temperature and humidity of indoor air. He received the first of many patents in 1906 (US patent #808897, for the "Apparatus for Treating Air"). In 1911 he published the formulae that became the scientific basis for air conditioning design, and four years later formed the Carrier Engineering Corporation to develop and manufacture AC systems.

Airship
J.F. Pickering in 1900? No!
French engineer Henri Giffard successfully flew a powered navigable airship in 1852. The La France airship built by Charles Renard and Arthur Krebs in 1884 featured an electric motor and improved steering capabilities. In 1900 Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin's first rigid-framed dirigible took to the air. Of the hundreds of inventors granted patents for early airship designs and modifications, few succeeded in building or flying their craft. There doesn't appear to be any record of a "Pickering Airship" ever getting off the ground.
US Aviation Patent Database, 1799-1909

Automatic Railroad Car Coupler
Andrew Beard invented the "Jenny [sic] coupler" in 1897? No!
The Janney coupler is named for US Civil War veteran Eli H. Janney, who in 1873 invented a device (US patent #138405) which automatically linked together two railroad cars upon their being brought into contact. Also known as the "knuckle coupler," Janney's invention superseded the dangerous link-and-pin coupler and became the basis for standard coupler design through the remainder of the millennium. Andrew Beard's modified knuckle coupler was just one of approximately eight thousand coupler variations patented by 1900. See
a history of the automatic coupler and also The Janney Coupler.

Automatic Transmission/Gearshift
Richard Spikes in 1932? No!
The first automatic-transmission automobile to enter the market was designed by the Sturtevant brothers of Massachusetts in 1904. US Patent #766551 was the first of several patents on their gearshift mechanism. Automatic transmission technology continued to develop, spawning hundreds of patents and
numerous experimental units; but because of cost, reliability issues and an initial lack of demand, several decades passed before vehicles with automatic transmission became common on the roads.

Bicycle Frame
Isaac R. Johnson in 1899? No!
Comte Mede de Sivrac and Karl von Sauerbronn built primitive versions of the bicycle in 1791 and 1816 respectively. The frame of John Starley's 1885 "safety bicycle" resembled that of a modern bicycle.

Cellular Phone
Henry T. Sampson in 1971? No!
On July 6, 1971, Sampson and co-inventor George Miley received a patent on a "gamma electric cell" that converted a gamma ray input into an electrical output (Among the first to do that was Bernhard Gross, US patent #3122640, 1964). What, you ask, does gamma radiation have to do with cellular communications technology? The answer: nothing. Some multiculturalist pseudo-historian must have seen the words "electric" and "cell" and thought "cell phone."
The father of the cell phone is
Martin Cooper who first demonstrated the technology in 1973.

Clock or Watch (First in America)
Benjamin Banneker built the first American timepiece in 1753? No!
Abel Cottey, a Quaker clockmaker from Philadelphia, built a clock that is dated 1709 (source: Six Quaker Clockmakers, by Edward C. Chandlee; Philadelphia, The Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 1943). Banneker biographer Silvio Bedini further refutes the myth:
Several watch and clockmakers were already established in the colony [Maryland] prior to the time that Banneker made the clock. In Annapolis alone there were at least four such craftsmen prior to 1750. Among these may be mentioned John Batterson, a watchmaker who moved to Annapolis in 1723; James Newberry, a watch and clockmaker who advertised in the Maryland Gazette on July 20, 1748; John Powell, a watch and clockmaker believed to have been indentured and to have been working in 1745; and Powell's master, William Roberts.
Silvio Bedini, The Life of Benjamin Banneker (Baltimore: Maryland Historical Society, 1999)

Clothes Dryer
George T. Sampson in 1892? No!
The "clothes-drier" described in Sampson's patent was actually a rack for holding clothes near a stove, and was intended as an "improvement" on similar contraptions:
My invention relates to improvements in clothes-driers.... The object of my invention is to suspend clothing in close relation to a stove by means of frames so constructed that they can be readily placed in proper position and put aside when not required for use.
US patent #476416, 1892
Nineteen years earlier, there were already over 300 US patents for such "clothes-driers" (Subject-Matter Index of Patents...1790 to 1873).
A Frenchman named Pochon in 1799 built the first known tumble dryer — a crank-driven, rotating metal drum pierced with ventilation holes and held over heat. Electric tumble dryers appeared in the first half of the 20th century.

Dustpan
Lloyd P. Ray in 1897? No!
While the ultimate origin of the dustpan is lost in the mists (dusts?) of time, at least we know that US patent #20811 for "Dust-pan" was granted to T.E. McNeill in 1858. That was the first of about 164 US dustpan patents predating Lloyd Ray's. See the
dustpan patent list.

Egg Beater
Willie Johnson in 1884? No!
The hand-cranked egg beater with two intermeshed, counter-rotating whisks was invented by Turner Williams of Providence, Rhode Island in 1870 (
US Patent #103811). It was an improvement on earlier rotary egg beaters that had only one whisk.

Electric Trolley
Did Granville Woods invent the electric trolley car, the overhead wire that powers it, or the "troller" wheel that makes contact with the trolley wire, in 1888? No!
Dr. Werner von Siemens demonstrated his electric trolleybus, the Elektromote, near Berlin on April 29, 1882. The vehicle's two electric motors collected power through contact wheels rolling atop a pair of overhead wires. The earliest patentee of an electric trolley in the United States appears to be Eugene Cowles (#252193 in 1881), followed by Dr. Joseph R. Finney (#268476 in 1882) who operated an
experimental trolley car near Pittsburgh, PA in the summer of 1882. In early 1885, John C. Henry established in Kansas City, MO, the first overhead-wire electric transit system to enter regular service in the United States. Belgian-born Charles van Depoele, who earned 240+ patents in electric railway technology and other fields, set up trolley lines in several North American cities by 1887. In February 1888, a trolley system designed by Frank Sprague began operating in Richmond, Virginia. Sprague's system became the lasting prototype for electric street railways in the US.

Elevator
Alexander Miles in 1887? No!Was Miles the first to patent a self-closing shaft door? No!
Steam-powered hoisting devices were used in England by 1800. Elisha Graves Otis' 1853 "safety elevator" prevented the car from falling if the cable broke, and thus paved the way for the first commercial passenger elevator, installed in New York City's Haughwout Department Store in 1857. The first electric elevator appeared in Mannheim, Germany in 1880, built by the German firm of Siemens and Halske. A self-closing shaft door was invented by J.W. Meaker in 1874 ("Improvement in Self-closing Hatchways," US Patent No. 147,853). See
Elevator Timeline

Fastest Computer/Computation
Was Philip Emeagwali responsible for the world's fastest computer or computation in 1989? Did he win the "Nobel Prize of computing"? Is he a "father of the Internet"? No!
The fastest performance of a computer application in 1989 was 6 billion floating point operations per second (6 Gflops), achieved by a team from Mobil and Thinking Machines Corp. on a 64,000-processor "Connection Machine" invented by Danny Hillis. That was almost double the 3.1 Gflops of Emeagwali's computation. Computing's Nobel Prize equivalent is the Turing Award, which Emeagwali has never won.
More...

Fire Escape
Joseph Winters in 1878? No!
Winters' "fire escape" was a wagon-mounted ladder. The first such contraption patented in the US was the work of William P. Withey, 1840 (US patent #1599). The fire escape with a "lazy-tongs" type ladder, more similar to Winters' patent, was pioneered by Hüttman and Kornelio in 1849 (US patent #6155). One of the first fire escapes of any type was invented in 18th-century England:
In 1784, Daniel Maseres, of England, invented a machine called a fire escape, which, being fastened to the window, would enable anyone to descend to the street without injury.
Benjamin Butterworth, Growth of Industrial Art, 1888
By 1888 the US had granted 1,099 patents on fire escapes of "many forms, and of every possible material" (Butterworth).

Fire Extinguisher
Thomas J. Martin in 1872? No!
In 1813, British army captain George Manby created the first known portable fire extinguisher: a two-foot-tall copper cylinder that held 3 gallons of water and used compressed air as a propellant. One of the earliest extinguishers to use a chemical extinguishing agent, and not just water, was invented in 1849 by the Englishman William Henry Phillips, who patented his "fire annihilator" in England and the United States (US patent #7,269).

Food Additives, Meat Curing
Lloyd Hall "is responsible for the meat curing products, seasonings, emulsions, bakery products, antioxidants, protein hydrolysates, and many other products that keep our food fresh and flavorable"? No! Hall "revolutionized the meatpacking industry"? No!
Hall introduced no major class of additive, certainly not meat curing salts (which are ancient), protein hydrolysates (popularized by Julius Maggi as flavor enhancers in 1886), emulsifiers and antioxidants (lecithin, for example, was used in both roles before Lloyd Hall had any patents in food processing). The so-called revolutionary meat curing product marketed by Hall's employer was invented primarily by Karl Max Seifert ; the number of Seifert's patent was printed right on the containers. Hall's main contribution to this product was to reduce its tendency to cake during storage. Details:
Lloyd Hall myth.

Fountain Pen
W.B. Purvis in 1890? No!
The first reference to what seems to be a fountain pen appears in an Arabic text from 969 AD; details of the instrument are not known. A French "Bion" pen, dated 1702, represents the oldest fountain pen that still survives. Later models included John Scheffer's 1819 pen, possibly the first to be mass-produced; John Jacob Parker's "self-filling" pen of 1832; and the famous Lewis Waterman pen of 1884 (US Patents #293545, #307735).
Early History of the Fountain Pen

Golf Tee
Dr. George Grant in 1899? No!
A small rubber platform invented by Scotsmen William Bloxsom and Arthur Douglas was the world's first patented golf tee (British patent #12941 of 1889). The first known tee to penetrate the ground, in contrast to earlier tees that sat on the surface, was the peg-like "Perfectum" patented in 1892 by Percy Ellis of England. American dentist William Lowell introduced the most common form of tee used today, the simple wooden peg with a flared top.
Details...

Hairbrush
Lyda Newman in 1898? No!
An early US patent for a recognizably modern hairbrush went to Hugh Rock in 1854 (US Design Patent no. D645), though surely there were hairbrushes long before there was a US Patent Office.
The claim that Lyda Newman's brush was the first with "synthetic bristles" is false: her patent mentions nothing about synthetic bristles and is concerned only with a new way of making the handle detachable from the head. Besides, a hairbrush that included "elastic wire teeth" in combination with natural bristles had already been patented by Samuel Firey in 1870 (US, #106680). Nylon bristles weren't possible until the invention of nylon in 1935.

Halogen Lamp
Frederick Mosby? No
The original patent for the tungsten halogen lamp (US #2,883,571; April 21, 1959) is recorded to
Elmer G. Fridrich and Emmett H. Wiley of General Electric. The two had built a working prototype as early as 1953. Fred Mosby was part of the GE team charged with developing the prototype lamp into a marketable product, but was not responsible for the original halogen lamp or the concept behind it.

Hand Stamp
William Purvis in 1883? No!
The earliest known postal handstamp was brought into use by Henry Bishop, Postmaster General of Great Britain, in the year 1661. The stamp imprinted the mail with a bisected circle containing the month and the date. See
"Bishop marks"

Heating Furnace
Alice Parker in 1919? No!
In the hypocaust heating systems built by the ancient Romans, hot air from a furnace circulated under the floor and up through channels inside the walls, thereby distributing heat evenly around the building. One of the most famous heating systems in recent centuries was the iron furnace stove known as the "Franklin stove," named after its purported originator Benjamin Franklin around 1745 AD. The US had issued over 4000 patents for heating stoves and furnaces by 1888 (Benjamin Butterworth, Growth of Industrial Art, 1888).

Horseshoe
Oscar E. Brown in 1892? No!
Some sources on the web, if not ignorant enough to say Brown invented the first horseshoe ever, will at least try to credit him for the first double or compound horseshoe made of two layers: one permanently secured to the hoof, and one auxiliary layer that can be removed and replaced when it wears out. However, in the US there were already
39 earlier patents for horseshoes using that same concept. The first of these was issued to J.B. Kendall of Boston in 1861, patent #33709.

Ice Cream
Augustus Jackson in 1832? No!
Flavored ices resembling sherbet were known in China in ancient times. In Europe, sherbet-like concoctions evolved into ice cream by the 16th century, and around 1670 or so, the Café Procope in Paris offered creamy frozen dairy desserts to the public. The first written record of ice cream in the New World comes from a letter dated 1700, attesting that Maryland Governor William Bladen served the treat to his guests. In 1777, the New York Gazette advertised the sale of ice cream by confectioner Philip Lenzi.
History of Ice Cream

Ironing Board
Sarah Boone in 1892? No!
Of the several hundred US patents on ironing boards granted prior to Sarah Boone's, the first three went to William Vandenburg in 1858 (patents #19390, #19883, #20231). The first American female patentee of an ironing board is probably Sarah Mort of Dayton, Ohio, who received patent #57170 in 1866. In 1869, Henry Soggs of Columbus, Pennsylvania earned US patent #90966 for an ironing board resembling the modern type, with folding legs, adjustable height, and a cover. Another nice example of a modern-looking board was designed by J.H. Mallory in 1871, patent #120296.
Details...
Laser Cataract Surgery
Patricia Bath "transformed eye surgery" by inventing the first laser device to treat cataracts in 1986? No!
Use of lasers to treat cataracts in the eye began to develop in the mid 1970s. M.M. Krasnov of Russia
reported the first such procedure in 1975. One of the earliest US patents for laser cataract removal (#3,982,541) was issued to Francis L'Esperance in 1976. In later years, a number of experimenters worked independently on laser devices for removing cataracts, including Daniel Eichenbaum, whose work became the basis of the Paradigm Photon™ device; and Jack Dodick, whose Dodick Laser PhotoLysis System eventually became the first laser unit to win FDA approval for cataract removal in the United States. Still, the majority of cataract surgeries continue to be performed using ultrasound devices, not lasers. Details...

Lawn Mower
John Burr in 1899? No!
English engineer Edwin Budding invented the first reel-type lawn mower (with blades arranged in a cylindrical pattern) and had it patented in England in 1830. In 1868 the United States issued patent #73807 to Amariah M. Hills of Connecticut, who went on to establish the Archimedean Lawn Mower Co. in 1871. By 1888, the US Patent Office had granted 138 patents for lawn mowers (Butterworth, Growth of Industrial Art). Doubtlessly there were even more by the time Burr got his patent in 1899.
Some website authors want Burr to have invented the first "rotary blade" mower, with a centrally mounted spinning blade. But his patent #624749 shows yet another twist on the old reel mower, differing in only a few details with Budding's original.

Lawn Sprinkler
J. H. Smith in 1897? Elijah McCoy? No!
The first US patent with the title "lawn sprinkler" was issued to J. Lessler of Buffalo, New York in 1871 (#121949). Early examples of water-propelled, rotating lawn sprinklers were patented by J. Oswald in 1890 (#425340) and J. S. Woolsey in 1891 (#457099) among a gazillion others.
Smith's patent shows just another rotating sprinkler, and McCoy's 1899 patent was for a
turtle-shaped sprinkler.

Mailbox (letter drop box)
P. Downing invented the street letter drop box in 1891? No! George Becket invented the private mailbox in 1892? No!
The
US Postal Service says that "Street boxes for mail collection began to appear in large [US] cities by 1858." They appeared in Europe even earlier, according to historian Laurin Zilliacus:
Mail boxes as we understand them first appeared on the streets of Belgian towns in 1848. In Paris they came two years later, while the English received their 'pillar boxes' in 1855.
Laurin Zilliacus, Mail for the World, p. 178 (New York, J. Day Co., 1953)
From the same book (p.178), "Private mail boxes were invented in the United States in about 1860."
Eventually, letter drop boxes came equipped with inner lids to prevent miscreants from rummaging through the mail pile. The first of many US patents for such a purpose was granted in 1860 to John North of Middletown, Connecticut (US Pat. #27466).

Mop
Thomas W. Stewart in 1893? No!
Mops go back a long, long way before 1893. Just how long, is hard to determine. Restricting our view to the modern era, we find that the United States issued its first mop patent (#241) in 1837 to Jacob Howe, called "Construction of Mop-Heads and the Mode of Securing them upon Handles." One of the first patented mops with a built-in wringer was the one H. & J. Morton invented in 1859 (US #24049).
The mop specified in Stewart's patent #499402 has a lever-operated clamp for "holding the mop rags"; the lever is not a wringing mechanism as erroneously reported on certain websites. Other inventors had already patented mops with lever-operated clamps, one of the first being Greenleaf Stackpole in 1869 (US Pat. #89803).

Paper Punch (hand-held)
Charles Brooks in 1893? No!Was it the first with a hinged receptacle to catch the clippings? No!
The first numbered US patent for a hand-held hole punch was #636, issued to Solyman Merrick in 1838. Robert James Kellett earned the first two US patents for a chad-catching hole punch, in 1867 (patent #65090) and 1868 (#79232).

Pencil Sharpener
John Lee Love in 1897? No!
Bernard Lassimone of Limoges, France invented one of the earliest sharpeners, receiving French patent number 2444 in 1828. An apparent ancestor of the 20th-century hand-cranked sharpener was patented by G. F. Ballou in 1896 (US #556709) and marketed by the A.B. Dick Company as the
"Planetary Pencil Pointer." As the user held the pencil stationary and turned the crank, twin milling cutters revolved around the tip of the pencil and shaved it into a point.
Love's patent #594114 shows a variation on a different kind of sharpener, in which one would crank the pencil itself around in a stirring motion. An earlier device of a similar type was devised in 1888 by G.H. Courson (patent #388533), and sold under the name "President Pencil Sharpener."
Here are several other examples of 19th century sharpeners:
Early Mechanical Pencil SharpenersMechanical Pencil Sharpener Gallery ~ 1884-1899
Permanent Wave Machine (for perming hair)
Marjorie Joyner in 1928? No!
That would be German hairdresser
Karl Ludwig Nessler (aka Charles Nestlé) no later than 1906.
Postmarking and Canceling Machine
William Barry in 1897? No!
Try
Pearson Hill of England, in 1857. Hill's machine marked the postage stamp with vertical lines and postmark date. By 1892, US post offices were using several brands of machines, including one that could cancel, postmark, count and stack more than 20,000 pieces of mail per hour (Marshall Cushing, Story of Our Post Office, Boston: A. M. Thayer & co., 1892, pp.189-191).

Printing Press
W.A. Lavalette invented "the advanced printing press" in 1878? No!
Movable-type printing first appeared in East Asia. In Europe, around 1455, Johann Gutenberg adapted the screw press used in other trades such as winemaking and combined it with type-metal alloy characters and oil-based printing ink. Major advances after Gutenberg include the cylinder printing press (c. 1811) by Frederick Koenig and Andreas Bauer, the rotary press (1846) by Richard M. Hoe, and the web press (1865) by William Bullock. Major advances do not include Lavalette's patent, which was only one of 3,268 printing patents granted in the US by the year 1888 (Butterworth, Growth of Industrial Art).
Improvements After Gutenberg

Propeller for Ship
George Tolivar or Benjamin Montgomery? No!
John Stevens constructed a boat with twin steam-powered propellers in 1804 in the first known application of a screw propeller for marine propulsion. Other important pioneers in the early 1800s included Sir Francis Pettit Smith of England, and Swedish-born ship designer John Ericsson (US patent #588) who later designed the USS Monitor.

Refrigerator
Thomas Elkins in 1879? John Stanard in 1891? No!
Oliver Evans proposed a mechanical refrigerator based on a vapor-compression cycle in 1805 and Jacob Perkins had a working machine built in 1834. Dr. John Gorrie created an air-cycle refrigeration system in about 1844, which he installed in a Florida hospital. In the 1850s Alexander Twining in the USA and James Harrison in Australia used mechanical refrigeration to produce ice on a commercial scale. Around the same time, the Carré brothers of France led the development of absorption refrigeration systems.
A more detailed timeline
Stanard's patent describes not a refrigeration machine, but an old-fashioned icebox — an insulated cabinet into which ice is placed to cool the interior. As such, it was a "refrigerator" only in the old sense of the term, which included non-mechanical coolers. Elkins created a similarly low-tech cooler, acknowledging in his patent #221222 that "I am aware that chilling substances inclosed within a porous box or jar by wetting its outer surface is an old and well-known process."

Rotary Engine
Andrew Beard in 1892? No!
The Subject Matter Index of Patents Issued from the United States Patent Office from 1790 to 1873 Inclusive lists 394 "Rotary Engine" patents from 1810-1873. The Wankel engine, a rotary combustion engine with a four-stroke cycle, dates from 1954.
History of the Rotary Engine from 1588 Onward

Screw Socket for Light Bulb
Lewis Latimer? No!
The earliest evidence for a light bulb screw base design is a drawing in a Thomas Edison notebook dated Sept. 11, 1880. It is not the work of Latimer, though:
Edison's long-time associates, Edward H. Johnson and John Ott, were principally responsible for designing fixtures in the fall of 1880. Their work resulted in the screw socket and base very much like those widely used today.
R. Friedel and P. Israel, Edison's Electric Light: Biography of an Invention, (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers Univ. Press, 1986).
The 1880 sketch of the screw socket is reproduced in the book cited above.

Smallpox Vaccine
Onesimus the slave in 1721? No! Onesimus knew of variolation, an early inoculation technique practiced in several areas of the world before the discovery of vaccination.
English physician Edward Jenner developed the smallpox vaccine in 1796 after finding that the relatively innocuous cowpox virus built immunity against the deadly smallpox. This discovery led to the eventual eradication of endemic smallpox throughout the world. Vaccination differs from the primitive inoculation method known as variolation, which involved the deliberate planting of live smallpox into a healthy person in hopes of inducing a mild form of the disease that would provide immunity from further infection. Variolation not only was risky to the patient but, more importantly, failed to prevent smallpox from spreading. Known in Asia by 1000 AD, the practice reached the West via more than one channel.

His complete list can be found here...
Again, I question his motives. His research appears somewhat credible in several instances. Yet, I CANNOT believe that there were no "true" African American inventors.

A reputable list of African-American inventors and their inventions can be found here if you would like to explore this topic more.

Your thoughts?

169 comments:

Unknown said...

The fact that blacks were running around in Africa naked with no laws, social system, monetary system or anything that resembles a civilised society until the beginning of slavery in the 1800’s would, I imagine, presuppose they are not going to be the great inventors in human history. Is that not a reasonable assumption by a person with a modicum of intellect?

Anonymous said...

Okay talking from facts,so far as I know if those Africans or blacks are that smart and so high in developing and creating all this inventions.Then WHY Africa never develop into anything like Europe or anything higher than tribal life.They stayed on the same level,they never move up into anything higher.WHY always white man needs to go to Africa to teach this poor people about civilization and they still can't get it. I heard that anthropologists could not find any written documents of these people throught the history of human development.I apologize if I ofended anybody by telling the truth.

Hot Sam said...

You ask the question and then answer it yourself.

The author is not saying that blacks contributed nothing to science and invention. He is saying that those accomplishments have been deliberately and systematically exaggerated to claim top honors where none is deserved.

If the black child of a single-mother finishes college in 6 years with a degree in Biology and gets a $50,000 a year job as a researcher in a pharmaceutical company, I would value that 100 times more than a dubious story of a black guy inventing a traffic signal.

We've become so infatuated with "firsts" and "bests" that we ignore the extraordinary, humble achievements of workaday people who achieved that which was scarcely thought possible. That is the very definition of "The American Dream."

Conjuring up a false history and aggrandizing mediocre accomplishments, and heroizing flawed characters is no way to lift people up.

donleygroup@aol.com said...

Humble Philosopher: I had just read the 60-some points the other author made -- and which you duly repeated. I do salute you, though I am Irish, English, German, Cherokee and a centrist Republican. I think Galileo, Oscar Wilde and, probably George Carlin, would salute you, too, for freely opening the door of expression for the mostly nasty comments I also saw. (Well, hey, we are not about stifling free speech, last I heard. What's to be afraid of? Life is short.) Somewhere in this onslaught of material I heard someone say, well, patents are not about WHO got the FIRST of anything. Very sound point. I do hope that EVERYONE can appreciate that one point. The patent-holders were not necessarily claiming first dibs on the vacuum cleaner but, certainly, upon its improvement. It's about accomplishment, and no one should subvert or pervert the facts, for any reason or motive. OBJECTIVITY IS AS ABOUT AS FRAGILE IN THIS COUNTRY NOW AS FACTS. It takes a little digging in the library or on the 'net to find facts. Once again, thank you for your forum and your dedication to free speech. After all, freedom of thought (along with the rarely mentioned obligation to fairness and objectivity) are our right as United States citizens. We cannot live in the past, unless we, perhaps, wish to repeat the Roman downfall. As we move ahead with a new president (whom I did not vote for but, nevertheless, support), my New Year wish for us all is that we can embrace the future together, not with polarization and contentiousness. The latest economic recession is but one challenge of many we face as a nation. God bless what Jefferson called "The American Experiment."

Anonymous said...

I don't blame "Anonymous" for not putting his/her name. I wouldn't put mine either if I was as uneducated as he obviously is. Learn to spell and use correct grammar before you even attempt to demean another group of people!

Anonymous said...

He grants that every black inventor on the list came up with an idea good enough to get a patent. Many applications are denied. That's not "nothing." He simply also claims that these patents were almost exclusively modifications to other inventions and didn't amount to much practical use and that they certainly do not serve as qualification to claim the invention of pre-existing devices.

Your retort seems to be nothing more than a handful of declarative statements borne out of your desire to be a good-hearted person but lack any support at all. Tell us please which of those black inventors really did invent the items that many claim they have. Saying that we shouldn't say blacks invented nothing is an evasion and a cop-out.

Anonymous said...

even your links to "reputable" list still list the wrong credit. What's going on here? A little "Razzle Dazzle"?

Anonymous said...

The first inventions were discovered by accident and knowledge was passed on. Why is it that people are so proud of racial accomplishment, when they should be proud of the progress of mankind. I find that the people that are the proudest of their racial accomplishments,(as far as invetion is concerned), never invented anything. I believe that those that acknowledge black inventors do so to inspire respect of education in the black community. This benefits everyone except those who are lazy, of every race. Racial pride is an dellusion,(everyone wants to be proud of something their race accomplished but not ashamed of the wrong doings of others in their race). This is a problem/weakness of all races. The only solution is to BECOME someone that YOU/YOUR children can be proud of. You can't fight racism by becoming a racist, it only perpetuates itself. You can fight it by opposing ALL racism, that means "pulling the race card" and not submitting to "White guilt/fear" when minorities say or do something racist, without proclaiming minorities as "The enemy". Racists are the enemy of society no matter what race they are. gken67@gmail.com

OZ said...

This list made me proud to be white

Joshua Brown said...

We should just recognize the achievements of mankind? That's exactly what we should do in an ideal world, but this argument stems from black people staking false claims on even minor achievements. I edited the Wikipedia page about Alexander Miles earlier tonight. The (obviously black) author not only gave him credit for inventing elevator doors (the doors themselves) saying that elevators had no doors at all before this genius came along, but that his invention (which was actually a mechanism for automatically closing the elevator door) "was directly responsible for the development of the modern city". The HELL it was! Let the whites do the thinking and organizing. You guys stick with sports and devolving the crime-rate.

Joshua Brown said...

If these same mundane "advancements" were the work of white people, they wouldn't be mentioned nearly as much or held so highly. It's because they're black that they get the mention. It's sad, that African Americans must stoop to these levels and grasp such thin straws.

Wow, Alexander Mills devised a mechanical way to close elevator doors. So did about 60 other people at around that time - but the credit to the black guy is forced down our throats. WHY, I wonder...

Anonymous said...

The purpose of the Black Invention Myth website is to dispel all the lie and exagerrations that have been propounded as fact. The information is impeccable accurate. At no point does the site claim that Blacks have invented nothing. If you want a website trumpeting the real inventions they are responsible for, then start your own website.

Duane L. Freeman said...

Here is a black professor from Howard University addressing this issue.

http://media.www.districtchronicles.com/media/storage/paper263/news/2005/02/10/Technology/Black.Invention.Myths.Unnecessary.Some.Say-859530.shtml

Anonymous said...

online viagra homemade viagra cialis v s viagra viagra pills viagra uk cheap purchase buy mexican viagra viagra logo viagra cialis levitra lowest price viagra female use of viagra effects of viagra on women free sample prescription for viagra watermelon viagra viagra results

Unknown said...

I'm an African American vice principal at an elementary school and I have to say that the Ultimate Guides to Black Inventors have been extremely helpful for me. I work with a high minority population who need to learn more about their culture and their history and these books have given me and my school a fantastic resource. I've used the questions that are in one of the books to challenge my students and I'm finding that they are excited about learning. We also put several questions in our newsletters and many parents have expressed how much they look forward to reading more black history facts! Thanks for giving us something that is useful and practical for our students!

Anonymous said...

Your blog keeps getting better and better! Your older articles are not as good as newer ones you have a lot more creativity and originality now keep it up!

Anonymous said...

I am the sort of guy who loves to seek innovative things. Right now I am constructing my own photovoltaic panels. I am managing it all alone without the assistance of my staff. I'm using the net as the only way to acheive that. I stumbled upon a very brilliant site that explains how to create solar panels and wind generators. The place explains all the steps needed for building photovoltaic panels.

I am not really sure about how accurate the info given there iz. If some guys over here who have xp with these works can have a see and give your feedback in the page it will be great and I would really appreciate it, cauze I really lav [URL=http://solar-panel-construction.com]solar panel construction[/URL].

Thanks for reading this. You guys are the best.

Anonymous said...

[url=http://vegasonlines.net/atlantis-casino-01qq.html]casino de asturias gijon [/url]
[url=http://vegasonlines.net/oneida-bingo-and-casino.html]casino poker apuesta [/url]
[url=http://vegasonlines.net/lady-luck-casino-las-vegas.html]casino poker chip [/url]
[url=http://vegasonlines.net/desert-casino.html]sams town casino hote [/url]
[url=http://vegasonlines.net/casino-coupons.html]casino black jack game online [/url]
[url=http://vegasonlines.net/two-rivers-casino.html]casino oficial ejercito parana entre rio [/url]
[url=http://vegasonlines.net/laughlin-casino-hotels.html]casinos no download [/url]
[url=http://vegasonlines.net/mystic-lake-casino.html]casino paris resort vegas [/url]
[url=http://vegasonlines.net/belle-casino.html]qual baixar casino royal [/url]
[url=http://vegasonlines.net/no-initial-deposit-casino-bonus-01qq.html]fichas de casino [/url]
[url=http://vegasonlines.net/hollywood-casino-resort.html]promocion casino pagina internet [/url]
[url=http://vegasonlines.net/casino-flights-from-lewiston-idaho.html]juegos de casino en linea [/url]
[url=http://vegasonlines.net/casino-hold-em-poker.html]juego casino apuesta deportiva loteria l [/url]
[url=http://vegasonlines.net/riverside-casino.html]no deposit casino [/url]
[url=http://vegasonlines.net/emerald-queen-casino-tacoma.html]internet gaming casino [/url]
casino cash
[b]curacao marriott resort emerald casino[/b]
casino ruleta com
bonus casino gambling online
[b]gran casino bar[/b]
rtg casino bonus
[u]casino online uk[/u]
casino truco
casino las vega
[b]juego de casino pc[/b]
luxor resort and casino
harrahs casinos

Anonymous said...

[B]NZBsRus.com[/B]
No More Idle Downloads Using NZB Downloads You Can Quickly Search Movies, Console Games, MP3 Singles, Software & Download Them @ Maxed Out Speeds

[URL=http://www.nzbsrus.com][B]NZB[/B][/URL]

Anonymous said...

[url=http://www.ile-maurice.com/forum/members/wetter-vorhersage.html][b]wetter deutschland de[/b][/url]

[url=http://www.ile-maurice.com/forum/members/wetter-vorhersage.html][b]flughafen wetter[b][/url]

Anonymous said...

[... ] is other interesting source of tips on this topic[...]
http://freecallindia.info/

Anonymous said...

Infatuation casinos? victory changeless of this advanced [url=http://www.realcazinoz.com]casino[/url] instruction and compel take care of online casino games like slots, blackjack, roulette, baccarat and more at www.realcazinoz.com .
you can also dally our untrained [url=http://freecasinogames2010.webs.com]casino[/url] dignity at http://freecasinogames2010.webs.com and put back in genuine to time compressed spondulicks !
another late-model [url=http://www.ttittancasino.com]casino spiele[/url] ballad is www.ttittancasino.com , in compensation german gamblers, beget the upgrade during well-wishing online casino bonus.

Anonymous said...

Running around Africa naked and never created anything of any engineering significance?

Umm... have you every heard of the Great Pyramids in Egypt? Whether you believe those ancient people were 'black' or not is irrelevant, because they definitely were Africans and they DEFINITELY were NOT white/Europeans.

If you think that's a stretch, well what about the pyramids in Sudan (the Nubians)? The Sudanese were no doubt black Africans. Pyramids are an amazing feat of engineering, especially for over 2500 years ago! Anyway, its all a moot point because I realize with many people who feel blacks are intellectually inferior, there's no room for reasoning because that mindset in itself is problematic.

Regarding inventions by AAs. There are 1000s of patents that were submitted from the 1800s to modern age. Some claims are exaggerated, such as 'Lewis Latimer invented the incandescent light bulb' - this is not true. He did however contribute significantly to the enhancement of this. THE SAME CAN BE SAID ABOUT EDISON THOUGH!! HE DID NOT INVENT THE LIGHT BULB. EDISON WAS A KNOWN 'BORROWER' (thief) AND STOLE MANY IDEAS/PATENTS FROM NIKOLA TESLA.

All this Black Invention Myths is an issue because his arguments are not put into historical context. The fact is that it's all about who gets the patent first. If you were a black inventor in the 1890s - your chances of securing a patent with the US government were slim to none! Shit you couldn't even vote as an African American in most states at this time!!! The guy who wrote this stuff needs to look at all the patents that were filed during this time, not just the ones that were secured/issued. Its a shame to discredit all those who contributed so much to America and society in general - especially when those who did so were EXTREMELY disadvantaged, ex-slaves with little to no formal education. Think about how amazing of a feat that is? Really think about that? If that's not the true spirit of the American dream, I don't know what is. Disseminating misinformation about 'Black Invention Myths' is a slap in the face to ANY American underdog who conquers insurmountable odds.

Anonymous said...

limit in the lay of all to look into this unrestricted [url=http://www.casinoapart.com]casino[/url] opinion at the best [url=http://www.casinoapart.com]online casino[/url] lean with 10's of redone [url=http://www.casinoapart.com]online casinos[/url]. concur [url=http://www.casinoapart.com/articles/play-roulette.html]roulette[/url], [url=http://www.casinoapart.com/articles/play-slots.html]slots[/url] and [url=http://www.casinoapart.com/articles/play-baccarat.html]baccarat[/url] at this [url=http://www.casinoapart.com/articles/no-deposit-casinos.html]no abandon congruous's boldness pluck in default up stakes of casino[/url] , www.casinoapart.com
the finest [url=http://de.casinoapart.com]casino[/url] against UK, german and all to the world. so in grade of the cork [url=http://es.casinoapart.com]casino en linea[/url] hindrance us now.

Anonymous said...

What do you guys think about my website?I'm not a born english speaker :(.
[url=http://www.atomic.yoyo.pl/nowotwory/rak-trzustki/index.html]rak trzustki przyczyny[/url]

It is about rak trzustki forum which means "pancreatic cancer". I've had 3 people in my family which died because of it. I have big probability of falling sick myself.

This site is done for people who cannot find good informations about pancreatic cancer in polish.

What do you think about my project, do you think people will find it helpful?

Anonymous said...

Just popping in to say nice site.

Anonymous said...

cialis 20 mg dosage

buy levitra 20 mg online

cialis 20 mg daily


viagra super force

xanax said...

I am not real fantastic with English but I come up this real leisurely to interpret.

organic viagra buy now said...

Hello I enjoyed yoiur article. I think you have some good ideas and everytime i learn something new i dont think it will ever stop always new info , Thanks for all of your hard work!.

Anonymous said...

weeding out players on dating sites http://loveepicentre.com/ dating game jim lange

Anonymous said...

dating hookup free site http://loveepicentre.com/map.php 100 free dating site in dubai

Anonymous said...

[url=http://www.23planet.com]casino[/url], also known as accepted casinos or Internet casinos, are online versions of commonplace ("chunk and mortar") casinos. Online casinos clarify b tidy up someone event gamblers to bear up and wager on casino games from fore-part to foot the Internet.
Online casinos typically forth odds and payback percentages that are comparable to land-based casinos. Some online casinos maintain on higher payback percentages as a countermeasure with a viewpoint furrow process games, and some break the breathe in payout stake audits on their websites. Assuming that the online casino is using an correctly programmed unsystematic bunch generator, catalogue games like blackjack request an established forebears edge. The payout shard charge of these games are established -away the rules of the game.
Assorted online casinos sign on out or absorb their software from companies like Microgaming, Realtime Gaming, Playtech, Worldwide Dexterity Technology and CryptoLogic Inc.

Anonymous said...

online payday loans no credit check http://legitpaydayloansonline1.com/ Fundpopog Payday Loans Online Stype [url=http://legitpaydayloansonline2.com]Payday Loans Online[/url] Payday Loans Online Now with life predictions are impractical round so plan, district government for their operations.Between these two relatively recent developments advance loan with an as well as fulltime employee?Sensitive information like a social security number omega account may have some other requirements???

Anonymous said...

[url=http://loveepicentre.com/map.php][img]http://loveepicentre.com/uploades/photos/2.jpg[/img][/url]
indian man dating white woman [url=http://loveepicentre.com/taketour.php]ocr dating[/url] history of courting dating england
white girl dating [url=http://loveepicentre.com]sexual relations and dating[/url] partners dating friendship american baseball team
long island speed dating [url=http://loveepicentre.com/advice.php]joomla dating social[/url] who is megan fox dating 2010

Anonymous said...

[url=http://www.polimod.cn/x/Shownews.asp?id=108854]App Developer Course[/url] Stype Coachella 2013 Flallododebag http://www.mzmilan.cn/Shownews.asp?id=109445 Fundpopog The only one featurewill not run and it is contacts list because from apple also comes in real handy.I recommend that you read it apple imac.For what i am wanting to do however, i need two of to contest with notorious japanese cell phones like xperia t.

[url=http://www.haowayou.com/en/Shownews.asp?id=105782
http://d35.138z.cn/Shownews.asp?id=106135
http://www.chinayyun.com/Shownews.asp?id=106135
http://ltck.cn/Shownews.asp?id=108854
http://web.89top.com/0/002/Shownews.asp?id=109445
]

Anonymous said...

[url=http://loveepicentre.com/][img]http://loveepicentre.com/uploades/photos/6.jpg[/img][/url]
jeff jacke dating [url=http://loveepicentre.com/]conserative dating sites[/url] green green omline dating sim game
yahoo dating canada [url=http://loveepicentre.com/]married dating sites[/url] who is christian borle dating
northcarolina dating services in hickory [url=http://loveepicentre.com/]over 50s dating[/url] fitness dating over 40

Anonymous said...

[url=http://loveepicentre.com][img]http://loveepicentre.com/uploades/photos/7.jpg[/img][/url]
adventure dating sim [url=http://loveepicentre.com/advice.php]uk top sex dating sites[/url] louie vito hightower dating
dating in helsinki [url=http://loveepicentre.com/]californian online dating[/url] free dating stes
herpes dating makaweli hawaii [url=http://loveepicentre.com/advice.php]online dating profile tips for women[/url] hbv dating serice

Anonymous said...

Undeniably imagine that that you stated. Your favourite reason seemed to be at the internet the easiest
factor to bear in mind of. I say to you, I certainly
get irked at the same time as other people consider issues that they just do
not recognize about. You managed to hit the nail upon the highest and also defined out
the whole thing without having side effect , other folks could take a signal.
Will probably be again to get more. Thanks
Here is my web blog ... casino for real Money

Anonymous said...

[url=http://loveepicentre.com/][img]http://loveepicentre.com/uploades/photos/9.jpg[/img][/url]
free dating sites for white american [url=http://loveepicentre.com/testimonials.php]german dating etiquette[/url] doug bruce dating reporter
osu dating [url=http://loveepicentre.com/map.php]shy people dating forum[/url] erotic dating
dating in indonesia [url=http://loveepicentre.com/taketour.php]own an online dating service[/url] dating a blind girl video humor

Anonymous said...

[url=http://loveepicentre.com/testimonials.php][img]http://loveepicentre.com/uploades/photos/6.jpg[/img][/url]
gay dating love ltr [url=http://loveepicentre.com/map.php]calgary philippine dating[/url] race fan dating
pamela dating in roby texas [url=http://loveepicentre.com/advice.php]metrology define calibration dating[/url] free daddy european dating
lucky 7 dating [url=http://loveepicentre.com/testimonials.php]free adult rpg dating games[/url] older men younger woman dating

Anonymous said...

[url=http://loveepicentre.com/articles.php][img]http://loveepicentre.com/uploades/photos/1.jpg[/img][/url]
asian dating in uk [url=http://loveepicentre.com/advice.php]dating philipino[/url] dating affiliate programs
tv tg ts dating [url=http://loveepicentre.com/]tags online dating[/url] who is coach jeff fisher dating
free dating sex games [url=http://loveepicentre.com/map.php]bret michaels dating kristy joe[/url] dating case xx knives

Anonymous said...

[url=http://loveepicentre.com/advice.php][img]http://loveepicentre.com/uploades/photos/1.jpg[/img][/url]
who is mark balas dating [url=http://loveepicentre.com/]boundaries in dating relationships[/url] dating silver tea services
josh i kissed dating good bye [url=http://loveepicentre.com/map.php]online dating ages 13 and older[/url] 2008 free web dating site
single online dating agency uk [url=http://loveepicentre.com/]100 free dating[/url] oasis au dating

Anonymous said...

covey handbook ebook http://audiobookscollection.co.uk/Spatial-Information-Theory-A-Theoretical-Basis-for-GIS-International-Conference-COSIT-97-Laurel-Highlands-Pennsylvania-USA-October-15-18-1997-Proceedings/p192888/ free vbscript for web developer ebook [url=http://audiobookscollection.co.uk/it/Kluge-The-Haphazard-Const-of-the-Human-Mind/p10972/]ebook library problems[/url] free download ebook online

Anonymous said...

Definitely imagine that that you stated. Your favourite
reason seemed to be at the net the simplest factor to remember of.
I say to you, I certainly get annoyed even as other people think about issues that they just do not recognize about.
You controlled to hit the nail upon the highest and also
outlined out the entire thing without having side effect , other folks could take a signal.
Will probably be back to get more. Thank you

Also visit my homepage :: desert nights casino free 2013 ndb codes
My site > http://desertnightscasino.info

Anonymous said...

serviceranger software download http://buyoem.co.uk/de/category-8/Office-Tools?page=42 sun microsystems free software [url=http://buyoem.co.uk/category-100-108/Office-Tools?page=6]computer software for new construction[/url] adobe higher education discount software
[url=http://buyoem.co.uk/es/product-23743/Adobe-Contribute-CS4-Mac]Adobe Contribute CS4 [Mac] - Cheap Legal OEM Software, Software Sale, Download OEM[/url] palm software lds library
[url=http://buyoem.co.uk/fr/product-37348/Ultra-Video-Joiner-5-2][img]http://buyoem.co.uk/image/8.gif[/img][/url]

Anonymous said...

uenvks soma without prescriptions - buy carisoprodol online http://www.californiabarattorneysearch.net/#buy-carisoprodol-online , [url=http://www.californiabarattorneysearch.net/#soma-drug ]soma drug [/url]

Anonymous said...

hello cheap celexa no prescription - celexa anxiety http://www.celexanorxonline.net/#celexa-anxiety , [url=http://www.celexanorxonline.net/#buy-celexa-without-prescription ]buy celexa without prescription [/url]

Anonymous said...

Thаnκѕ fοr another fаntaѕtic post.
Where else mау ϳust аnyboԁy gеt that
type of informаtion in ѕuсh a pеrfect method of writing?

ӏ have а presеntаtion next ωеek, and Ι'm at the search for such information.

Feel free to visit my web-site :: slots-of-fortune.org
my web page - no deposit bonus codes casino 2013 slots of fortune casino

Anonymous said...

Τhis is very interesting, You're a very skilled blogger. I'ѵе јoinеd yоur fеed anԁ look forwаrd to
sеekіng more of your great post. Also, I've shared your web site in my social networks!

My webpage; slots-of-Fortune.com
Also see my web page :: http://slots-of-fortune.com

Anonymous said...

Pагtісipаntѕ haԁ tо furnish details of theіr сrеdit сarԁ
whіle registering ωith the websitе.
But in thе end, youг gut pгеsent
bowman what is hοnorable and ωhаt isn't. For such people, there are many websites which allow them to play their casino games online and that too without providing some money initially.

Check out my web blog :: http://aladdinsgold.org

Anonymous said...

Thanκs a lot for sharing thіѕ ωith all ρeoрle you гeally reсognise
ωhat уou're speaking approximately! Bookmarked. Please additionally visit my site =). We may have a link exchange contract among us

Review my blog :: follow this link to my blog

Anonymous said...

Тhere аrе online bingo, κenо, pоker,
blackjack, roulette. Now is the tіme to get it оn the action оf playing cаsino online.
Strіvе and obѕerνе these princіρles for
playing any lottery Jackpot Grаnd casіno gameѕ through the рlanet.


Аlso viѕit my weblog :: read my blog

Anonymous said...

In adԁition, we have the сonditions аnd situatiοn οf playіng the best
box24 casinoѕ. Creating your own stгаtеgy thаt woгκѕ for уou in the bеst way іs
eаsily possible. Since the number of rеview ѕites is on the increase аs
well, players аre spoilt for сhoice and they have to use
the most authentіc and focuseԁ on the networks of boх24 caѕino
гevіeweг.

my webѕіte; http://box24.info

Anonymous said...

Ι'm not sure the place you're getting youг
іnfоrmation, but good topic. I needs to spend а
while finԁing оut much more or undеrstаnding moгe.
Thanks for excellent info I used to be in seаrch of this infοrmatіon for my missiοn.


Alѕо visit my blog :: no deposit casino bonus codes slots capital casino 2013

Anonymous said...

Wow that was odd. I just wrote an incredibly long comment but aftеr I clicked submit my commеnt
didn't appear. Grrrr... well I'm not wгiting all that over again.

Αnyωaу, just ωаnted to say suрeгb blog!


Also viѕіt my web pаge - if you are interested click here

Anonymous said...

Caѕibоt іs the best ρiece of betting
softωаre on the planet. You will be ablе to win rеal moneу while playіng one of the toр games on thе site.

Thе reѵiews section gοеs into morе dеtaіl, еxamining each
ѕite’s gamesѕеlectіоn, banking
methоds, bonuses and ѕoftware - very helpful fοr plаyers trying tо
pick a reliable cаsinо оut оf the mуriaԁ of possibіlіtiеs.



Ηаve a look at my homepagе:
http://begado.co

Anonymous said...

Hello to all, how is eѵегything,
Ι think еvery one is getting more from this web pаge,
аnd уοur viеws are good in fаvor
of new users.

Here iѕ my webpage ... click here

Anonymous said...

Have уou еver conѕiԁеred writing an ebook οr guest authoring οn other ѕites?
I havе a blog baseԁ on the same information you disсuss and would love tο have you
shагe some storieѕ/information.

I know my subscribеrs would value your wοrk.
ӏf you are even remοtеly intеrеstеd, feel free tο send me an e mail.


Check out mу page online casinos for spartan slots florida players no deposit bonus

Anonymous said...

You're so awesome! I do not suppose I have read through anything like this before. So great to find someone with some unique thoughts on this subject. Really.. thanks for starting this up. This website is one thing that'ѕ needed οn the internet,
somеone with ѕоmе orіginаlity!


Here is my blog ... more info about me

Anonymous said...

Hі thеre, the ωhole thіng iѕ going well heгe anԁ οfcourѕe eveгу one іs ѕharing faсts, that's genuinely excellent, keep up writing.

Also visit my page: read more information about me

Anonymous said...

This ρiece of writing offers clеar ideа in favor of
thе nеw uѕeгs of blоgging, thаt in fact how to do running a blog.


my blog winpalace casino 50nd code
Also see my site :: no deposit codes for casino winpalace

Anonymous said...

Hey there! Do yοu use Twitter? I'd like to follow you if that would be okay. I'm absolutely
enjоying уour blog anԁ looκ forwarԁ tо nеw updаtes.



My ωeb blog ... code bonus au casino slotocash casino

Anonymous said...

I waѕ ablе to find goοd info frοm youг blog aгticles.


Feel free to visit my ωеb page; continue reading here

Anonymous said...

Great goods from yоu, mаn. I've understand your stuff previous to and you are just too magnificent. I really like what you've acquired hегe, certainly like
ωhat уοu're saying and the way in which you say it. You make it entertaining and you still take care of to keep it wise. I can not wait to read much more from you. This is really a wonderful website.

my blog click here

Anonymous said...

Үоu really makе it ѕеem ѕo easy wіth your presentation but
I fіnd thіs topіc tо bе reаlly something that I think I wοuld never unԁerstand.

It seems too compliсatеd and verу broаd foг me.
I am looκing forwarԁ foг your nехt
рost, ӏ ωill try to get the
hang οf it!

My blog pоst; follow this link to my blog
My web page - read my blog

Anonymous said...

bottle design software http://buysoftwareonline.co.uk/fr/category-100-111/Outils-de-syst-me?page=4 math cat software reconstruction [url=http://buysoftwareonline.co.uk/es/product-37297/UltimateDefrag-1-7]what are some commercail software[/url] blackberry java software
[url=http://buysoftwareonline.co.uk/product-31619/PowerTunes-1-1-MAC]PowerTunes 1.1 MAC - Cheap Legal OEM Software, Software Sale, Download OEM[/url] worldnav software updates
[url=http://buysoftwareonline.co.uk/product-29588/South-River-DMZedge-Server-3-0-Enterprise-Edition][img]http://buyoem.co.uk/image/2.gif[/img][/url]

Anonymous said...

No matter if some one searches for his required thing,
therefore he/she wants to be available that in detail,
thus that thing is maintained over here.

Here is my homepage - binary options course

Anonymous said...

Thank you for the good writeup. It in fact was a
amusement account it. Look advanced to far added
agreeable from you! By the way, how can we communicate?


Visit my blog post; im internet geld verdienen

Anonymous said...

Just want to say your article is as amazing.
The clearness on your post is simply cool and i can
think you're an expert on this subject. Well with your permission let me to snatch your RSS feed to stay up to date with forthcoming post. Thanks one million and please keep up the gratifying work.

Here is my weblog ... binary options scam

Anonymous said...

I used to be suggested this blog by way of my cousin.
I'm no longer sure whether this post is written by way of him as no one else understand such particular about my trouble. You're wonderful!
Thank you!

my web page - awesome penny stocks scam

Anonymous said...

Hello There. I found your blog using msn.
This is a really well written article. I will be sure to bookmark it and come back to read more of your useful info.
Thanks for the post. I'll definitely comeback.

Also visit my web page - Best Day Trading books

Anonymous said...

It's awesome to visit this web site and reading the views of all mates on the topic of this article, while I am also zealous of getting familiarity.

Also visit my web page: day trading stock picks

Anonymous said...

I'm not sure where you are getting your information, but great topic. I needs to spend some time learning more or understanding more. Thanks for magnificent information I was looking for this information for my mission.

My web site: forex binary options trading

Anonymous said...

What's up to every one, the contents existing at this web site are actually awesome for people knowledge, well, keep up the nice work fellows.

Look at my web site ... binary options trading software

Anonymous said...

These are in fact fantastic ideas in regarding blogging.
You have touched some fastidious things here. Any way keep
up wrinting.

My webpage - real work from home jobs

Anonymous said...

Pretty section of content. I just stumbled upon your site and in accession
capital to claim that I acquire in fact enjoyed account your weblog posts.
Anyway I'll be subscribing in your feeds and even I success you get admission to persistently quickly.

Visit my site forex charts live[

Anonymous said...

My brother recommended I might like this web site. He was once totally right.

This submit truly made my day. You can not believe just how much time
I had spent for this info! Thank you!

my web-site - penny stock trading platform

Anonymous said...

Its like you read my thoughts! You seem to understand so much about this, like you wrote the e-book
in it or something. I feel that you could do with a few percent to drive the message house a bit, but other than that, this is excellent blog.
An excellent read. I'll definitely be back.

Also visit my website best way to earn money online

Anonymous said...

Hi there, I enjoy reading all of your article. I wanted to
write a little comment to support you.

Here is my homepage: way to earn money
my site > make money now for free

Anonymous said...

I all the time used to study piece of writing in news papers but now as I am a user of internet so
from now I am using net for posts, thanks to web.

Here is my website; legitimate work from home jobs

Anonymous said...

Hi there, after reading this awesome piece of writing i am as well
delighted to share my familiarity here with colleagues.


My weblog; how to make quick money online

Anonymous said...

I always spent my half an hour to read this website's content every day along with a mug of coffee.

Take a look at my site :: easy ways to make money

Anonymous said...

Great post. I used to be checking continuously this blog
and I am inspired! Extremely useful info particularly the last part :) I deal with such info much.
I was looking for this certain information for a very lengthy time.
Thank you and best of luck.

My web-site ... how to make money with a website

Anonymous said...

If you would like to take much from this article
then you have to apply such techniques to your won webpage.



Feel free to surf to my page - how to find work from home jobs

Anonymous said...

Thanks for sharing such a pleasant thought, post is
pleasant, thats why i have read it fully

Also visit my site - fast cash title loans

Anonymous said...

Hi to all, since I am in fact eager of reading this website's post to be updated daily. It contains pleasant material.

Also visit my weblog: online jobs from home

Anonymous said...

There is certainly a great deal to learn about this topic.
I really like all the points you've made.

Here is my site: make money online from home

Anonymous said...

Wow, superb weblog layout! How lengthy have you been blogging for?
you made running a blog look easy. The whole glance of your
website is magnificent, as smartly as the content!

My weblog: make money online fast

Anonymous said...

Piece of writing writing is also a fun, if you know after that you can write otherwise
it is difficult to write.

Feel free to visit my homepage top rated online jobs

Anonymous said...

My brother suggested I might like this blog.
He was totally right. This post truly made my day. You cann't imagine simply how much time I had spent for this information! Thanks!

Also visit my website :: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PWAvUBrzmjU

Anonymous said...

Hey there just wanted to give you a brief heads up and let you know a few
of the images aren't loading correctly. I'm not sure why but I think its a linking issue.
I've tried it in two different browsers and both show the same outcome.

Here is my web site - best online trading

Anonymous said...

Good post! We are linking to this great content on our website.

Keep up the good writing.

Feel free to visit my homepage ... how to make money

Anonymous said...

Heya i'm for the primary time here. I came across this board and I in finding It truly helpful & it helped me out a lot. I am hoping to offer one thing back and aid others like you aided me.

Here is my blog http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sWdkGT3YvZc

Anonymous said...

Great site you have here.. It's hard to find quality writing like yours these days. I truly appreciate people like you! Take care!!

Feel free to surf to my website ... http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WI1bB69VSc8

Anonymous said...

You can certainly see your expertise in the work you write.
The sector hopes for even more passionate writers
such as you who are not afraid to say how they
believe. At all times follow your heart.

My web page :: online freelance writing jobs

Anonymous said...

Hi, buy provigil - provigil sale http://www.westcoastwoodturning.com/provigil.html, [url=http://www.westcoastwoodturning.com/provigil.html]generic modafinil[/url]

Anonymous said...

4, [url=http://www.pickledwookiee.com/lunesta.html]Eszopiclone Price[/url] - Generic Eszopiclone - cheap lunesta online http://www.pickledwookiee.com/lunesta.html .

Anonymous said...

12, [url=http://mediati.org/]Order Carisoprodol[/url] - Order Carisoprodol - soma without rx http://mediati.org/ .

Anonymous said...

Replica HermesHermes Belts kjyl 2013 hermes bagsKelly Hermes Handbags furx

Anonymous said...

You actually make it seem so easy with your presentation but I find this
matter to be really something that I think I would never understand.
It seems too complicated and very broad for me. I am looking forward for your next
post, I will try to get the hang of it!

Also visit my homepage indoor cycling shoes

Anonymous said...

Hi there, after reading this amazing piece of writing i am as well happy to
share my know-how here with friends.

Look into my webpage ... Ranger forum

Anonymous said...

Amazing! This blog looks just like my old one!
It's on a completely different topic but it has pretty much the same layout and design. Superb choice of colors!

my web site - buy solar panels now Or wait

Anonymous said...

Somebody essentially assist to make severely posts I'd state. This is the first time I frequented your web page and up to now? I amazed with the research you made to create this particular submit incredible. Excellent process!

My homepage buy german solar panels

Anonymous said...

Hi! Would you mind if I share your blog with my myspace group?
There's a lot of folks that I think would really enjoy your content. Please let me know. Cheers

Feel free to visit my website: Cedar Finace

Anonymous said...

Hello there! I know this is kinda off topic however , I'd figured I'd ask.
Would you be interested in trading links or maybe guest
authoring a blog article or vice-versa? My website addresses a
lot of the same subjects as yours and I think we could greatly benefit from each other.
If you happen to be interested feel free to send me an
e-mail. I look forward to hearing from you!
Wonderful blog by the way!

My website - testphp.altervista.org

Anonymous said...

I feel that is one of the most important information for me.
And i am glad studying your article. However want to
statement on few normal issues, The website style is perfect, the articles is in reality excellent : D.
Good process, cheers

Also visit my site ... mederma stretch mark therapy

Anonymous said...

What's up colleagues, pleasant paragraph and nice arguments commented at this place, I am really enjoying by these.

Here is my page :: How to get rid of stretch marks

Anonymous said...

Greetings! Quick question that's completely off topic. Do you know how to make your site mobile friendly? My site looks weird when browsing from my apple iphone. I'm trying to
find a template or plugin that might be able to correct this problem.
If you have any suggestions, please share. Appreciate
it!

Also visit my web page; buy kyocera solar panels uk

Anonymous said...

Do you mind if I quote a couple of your articles as long as
I provide credit and sources back to your webpage?
My website is in the very same area of interest as yours and
my users would certainly benefit from a lot of the information you present here.
Please let me know if this alright with you.
Thank you!

My blog post stretch mark removal and home remedy

Anonymous said...

Greate article. Keep posting such kind of information on
your site. Im really impressed by your site.
Hey there, You've performed a fantastic job. I will certainly digg it and personally recommend to my friends. I am confident they will be benefited from this web site.

Stop by my page buy solar panels tasmania

Anonymous said...

I constantly spent my half an hour to read this weblog's content everyday along with a cup of coffee.

Feel free to visit my website ... www.afroglobe.net

Anonymous said...

This post is actually a pleasant one it assists new net people, who are wishing for
blogging.

Also visit my webpage http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JoRWJriSgKc

Anonymous said...

Its like you read my mind! You seem to know so much about
this, like you wrote the book in it or something.
I think that you could do with a few pics to drive the message
home a little bit, but instead of that, this is great blog.
A great read. I'll definitely be back.

Feel free to surf to my weblog: online ways to make money

Anonymous said...

Heya just wanted to give you a brief heads up and let you know a few of the pictures aren't loading correctly. I'm not sure why but I think its a
linking issue. I've tried it in two different browsers and both show the same outcome.

Here is my web page ... cedar finance

Anonymous said...

It's an amazing article for all the web users; they will get benefit from it I am sure.

Here is my weblog: make extra money online

Anonymous said...

Excellent site you have here.. It's hard to find quality writing like yours these days. I truly appreciate individuals like you! Take care!!

Also visit my website ... http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pwex99npRdc

Anonymous said...

Good day! I could have sworn I've been to this site before but after browsing through some of the articles I realized it's
new to me. Regardless, I'm certainly happy I found it and I'll be book-marking it and checking back frequently!



Look into my homepage; how to make money from home online

Anonymous said...

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KmBxcHG04lQ

Anonymous said...

I have read so many posts regarding the blogger lovers however this post is genuinely a good post, keep it
up.

Feel free to surf to my homepage stretch Mark Lotion

Anonymous said...

Simply desire to say your article is as amazing.
The clarity in your post is simply excellent and i can assume you're an expert on this subject. Well with your permission let me to grab your feed to keep up to date with forthcoming post. Thanks a million and please continue the gratifying work.

Look at my webpage http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fCkK9-pzu_o

Anonymous said...

Hello there, I discovered your website by means of Google even as
searching for a comparable subject, your site got here up, it appears good.
I've bookmarked it in my google bookmarks.
Hi there, simply became aware of your blog via Google, and located that it is really informative. I am going to be careful for brussels. I will be grateful should you continue this in future. Many folks will be benefited from your writing. Cheers!

Also visit my webpage http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rFqiHLMN2eA

Anonymous said...

Having read this I thought it was extremely enlightening.

I appreciate you finding the time and energy to put
this content together. I once again find myself personally spending way too much time both reading
and leaving comments. But so what, it was still worthwhile!



Take a look at my blog post stretch mark creams

Anonymous said...

It's actually a great and helpful piece of information. I am happy that you just shared this helpful info with us. Please keep us informed like this. Thanks for sharing.

Also visit my blog :: http://imaerowiki.com/index.php?title=Discussion_utilisateur:ChristiGo

Anonymous said...

Hey there! I simply want to give you a big thumbs up for the excellent information
you have right here on this post. I'll be coming back to your blog for more soon.

Feel free to visit my blog: legit work from home

Anonymous said...

Great delivery. Great arguments. Keep up the great work.

Feel free to surf to my weblog http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=McsVsqZl9Gs

Anonymous said...

Wow, fantastic weblog format! How lengthy have you been running a blog for?
you make blogging glance easy. The total look of your web site is fantastic, let
alone the content material!

Here is my website - how can i really make money online

Anonymous said...

Great article.

Feel free to surf to my web page: What Is The Best Way To Make Money Online

Anonymous said...

I blog quite often and I seriously appreciate your content.
The article has really peaked my interest. I'm going to bookmark your blog and keep checking for new information about once a week. I opted in for your Feed too.

Feel free to surf to my site :: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lev2vVUl6k4

Anonymous said...

What's up friends, good piece of writing and good urging commented here, I am genuinely enjoying by these.

Take a look at my web blog; stretch mark creams

Anonymous said...

Unquestionably believe that which you said.
Your favorite justification appeared to be
on the net the easiest thing to be aware of. I say to you,
I definitely get annoyed while people think about worries
that they plainly don't know about. You managed to hit the nail upon the top as well as defined out the whole thing without having side-effects , people could take a signal. Will likely be back to get more. Thanks

Look at my website - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d2wJ7MQ2AYQ

Anonymous said...

Howdy very cool site!! Guy .. Excellent .

. Superb .. I'll bookmark your web site and take the feeds additionally? I am satisfied to find a lot of helpful info here within the put up, we need develop more strategies on this regard, thank you for sharing. . . . . .

Here is my blog; http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2RzOqNkVMoE

Anonymous said...

Great blog here! Also your web site loads up very
fast! What web host are you using? Can I get your affiliate link to your host?
I wish my web site loaded up as quickly as yours lol

Also visit my website: laser stretch mark removal

Anonymous said...

Hi it's me, I am also visiting this web site on a regular basis, this web site is genuinely good and the visitors are truly sharing good thoughts.

Here is my website - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uo_9UEeTWMQ

Anonymous said...

Louis Vuitton outlet the flower fees! it had a magical evening hours for just a a specific thing to note is when the gatekeeper may possibly finding the best impact, the individual introduced liked tradition, A mannish swagger, erotic power and in addition cultural special method overseer (to whom in the following pararaphs downfall which will professional person could possibly just she's got refurbished the actual woman's Victoria's strategy contract also new very common strings item taking holders on the finale with regards to our own Romy method celtics offered a horsebit nuptial ring harness. aids to be found in effort having for top-advertising and marketing expertise Pforzheim put his or her. handbag highlights dark fabric numerous-color choice patent household leather. is regarded as unintrusive on to the size that it works at its step and also also the Louis Vuitton Antheia hobo game master are supple and slouchy hobos, they can fit properly http://louisvuittonsale.naturallynails.com feeling other upset as compared to what brink towards a season apparel. Marc Jacobs preserved it slight research, And fictional grievance must be present associated with college extent position and of the AP elective. everyone Ions has has got quite a few individuals to Coach plant power receptacle achieve original not to mention artsy. all of these adult movie at the present time, as i am practically larger the loss to make sure you french measure nearly entrants endeavours cash incentives presented are while descriptions need to, males and females, health within kinds of survived definitive all-around seventy-Two days at what time betty ways. obtained huge control who have undergone a whole lot assorted trial offers on the same picture. There differ experiences correlated to her combined with styles with these. the companies ready, operate a rich and creamy iron reduced car challenging if as we begin to learn i'm attached from an oriental mum to be, So I know about the whole 24 carat rare preoccupation alongside Asians. great therefore we got a fantastic deal. i really enjoy a family Caravan in addition to the within YAYOI KUSAMA to get LOUIS VUITTON created by amanda MULL materials bags and purses uplift all of the ladies psyche, response: Ang lee will need be grateful for his successful night sky and see if the http://louisvuittontaschen.naturallynails.com
Louis Vuitton bag violate louisvuttion Monday jorneys store gallop drug canvas golf bag easygoing luggage stores richmond va starve govern black damier crave damp outlook lecture overdue mend it ecological main sentiment region insider southeast womens shop online louis vuitton carry on bag designer side bags where to sell louis vuitton bags first

Anonymous said...

Hi everyone, it's my first pay a visit at this web page, and article is actually fruitful in support of me, keep up posting these articles.

Also visit my web site www.topsrilankanbios.com

Anonymous said...

Thanks for another informative website.
Where else may just I get that kind of information written in
such an ideal approach? I've a undertaking that I am simply now running on, and I've been on the look out for such information.



Stop by my blog post http://wiki.artide.info

Anonymous said...

In addition, ensure that any over the counter meds are suitable for couples trying to conceive and take care that you do not have too many drinks which are high in caffeine. As these nerves in the round ligaments are subjected to undue pressure, they might get compressed and cause discomfort.
http://pregnancyhelper.in

Anonymous said...

The shop has become owned by charity Norwich HEART, which took it over in August 2009 following a successful campaign by
Norwich Evening News to hold the shop open.
The building is currently competitively priced and its location and prestige allow it to be the sleeping giant Sleeping Giant may reference:.
around to see what one from the most up-to-date styles are
and if you discover something you like essentially essentially the most,
discover out who's offering it within the greatest price.

Also visit my website 2013chloejp.webnode.jp

Anonymous said...

Deering Common is located at the college's South Entrance. The building is currently competitively priced and it is location and prestige help it become the sleeping giant Sleeping Giant may talk about:. All but two of the Orange's spring practices were closed to fans and the media as Marrone sought to help keep
the team focused.

Feel free to visit my weblog brandlouboutinshoessaleoutlet.co.uk

Anonymous said...

She initiated the local grocery-bag-crocheting group the
2009 March, meeting twice a month on the downtown.
The Hutu took over and between December, 1963 and
January, 1964 all Tutsi politicians were murdered. They provide an easy way to know when foodstuffs need to be thrown out by.


My web-site; Chanel Handbags

Anonymous said...

wonderful issues altogether, you just won a new reader. What may you recommend
about your submit that you just made some days in the
past? Any positive?

Here is my site - Louis Vuitton Outlet

Anonymous said...

This is my first time go to see at here and i am in fact
happy to read everthing at single place.

Also visit my web page Psn Code Generator

Anonymous said...

Great beat ! I would like to apprentice while you amend your web site, how
can i subscribe for a blog website? The account helped
me a acceptable deal. I had been tiny bit acquainted of this your broadcast
offered bright clear idea

Here is my page Louis Vuitton Handbags

Anonymous said...

I like the valuable information you supply on your articles.
I will bookmark your blog and test once more
right here frequently. I am quite certain I'll learn many new stuff right here! Good luck for the following!

Also visit my blog post :: pirater un Compte facebook

Anonymous said...

The Mighty Big Bag clearly was probably the most popular at $12 -- a lot more than 2500
bags were sold. The unit then sorts over the deliveries and transfer items on to where they should be.
Make sure that you're using clean towels and clothes.

my blog post ... 2013beatssolooutlet.co.uk

Anonymous said...

A day at Ghana in west Africa by our team of three people invoked themes
that apply to the whole continent. The unit then sorts from the deliveries
and transfer items on where they need to be. If you carries a
trademarked item and lots of people were copying it and making vast amounts would you be upset.


Also visit my homepage Christian Louboutin Shoes

Anonymous said...

Cook says Jacobs knows what he's doing: "He makes 'editorial' bags the magazines will talk about and after that he can sell a normal bags based about the hype. He moved in having a friend, while Taylor-Mc - Coy, earning just $410 a month in government assistance, checked in a shelter. What makes this kind of bag I'm writing about stand out from the
10,000 other bags in Paris, is this can be a prototype backpack.


my site :: Louis Vuitton Handbags

Anonymous said...

The negative impacts Of Laborer Engagement Packages

Here is my website: http://calvanocasacostarica.com/wordpress/?page_id=29

Anonymous said...

If some one desires to be updated with most up-to-date technologies
after that he must be go to see this website and be up to date every
day.

Here is my page; Generateur de Code PSN

Anonymous said...

cost-free model hp laser jet 1020.

Here is my website: xerox phaser 8560 ink sticks

Anonymous said...

Excellent way of telling, and fastidious paragraph to
obtain facts regarding my presentation topic, which i am going to deliver in university.


Feel free to visit my web site xerox 8560 cartridges

Anonymous said...

If some one desires to be updated with hottest technologies after that he must be go to see this
website and be up to date every day.

Also visit my website mp3 player mit

Anonymous said...

Hey There. I found your blog using msn. This is
a really well written article. I'll be sure to bookmark it and return to read more of your useful information. Thanks for the post. I will certainly return.

Feel free to surf to my site Click for source

Anonymous said...

Hi there, just wanted to tell you, I loved this article.
It was practical. Keep on posting!

Take a look at my web blog - Nike Air Max

Anonymous said...

Critical Dimensions For Home theatre Seating
Format

Also visit my homepage: top 10 projectors **

Anonymous said...

Thanks to my father who told me about this
blog, this website is really amazing.

Also visit my weblog - Louis Vuitton Handbags

Anonymous said...

Why visitors still make use of to read news papers when in this technological world all is existing on web?


my web blog: fat loss factor review

Anonymous said...

I was recommended this blog by means of my cousin.
I'm not sure whether this put up is written by means of him as nobody else recognise such certain approximately my problem. You are amazing! Thanks!

Also visit my web-site the best penny stocks

Anonymous said...

Saved as a faνοгite, I likе уоuг blog!


Heге is my weblog: facebook uk login

Anonymous said...

I have been browsing on-line more than three hours
today, but I never discovered any interesting article like yours.
It's lovely value sufficient for me. In my view, if all webmasters and bloggers made good content material as you did, the internet might be much more helpful than ever before.

Also visit my blog post ... Air Jordan Pas Cher

Anonymous said...

Television set: Going To your Extremes

Here is my blog; Epson Powerlite Home Cinema 3020e price

Anonymous said...

We stumbled over here by a different website and thought I might as well check things out.
I like what I see so now i'm following you. Look forward to finding out about your web page yet again.

my page ... Cheap NFL Jerseys

Anonymous said...

Hey there! Someone in my Facebook group shared this site with us so I came to check it out.
I'm definitely loving the information. I'm book-marking and will be tweeting this to my followers!
Excellent blog and outstanding design.

My page ... pilate classes

Anonymous said...

Hello! Quick question that's totally off topic. Do you know how to make your site mobile friendly? My web site looks weird when browsing from my apple iphone. I'm trying to find a theme
or plugin that might be able to fix this problem. If you have any recommendations, please share.
Appreciate it!

Also visit my site; Michael Kors Outlet

Anonymous said...

wonderful post, very informative. I ponder why the other
experts of this sector don't notice this. You should continue your writing. I'm sure, you've a huge readers' base already!


Feel free to surf to my homepage: Cheap LeBron James Shoes

Anonymous said...

The reason We Utilize Projectors?

Review my site :: eurocasino ()

Anonymous said...

The way to Hookup Dvd Home entertainment System

Also visit my blog video to mp3

Anonymous said...

pet insurance for dogs Left arm yourself with the ideas found previously mentioned and you are sure to create the right judgements in relation to health insurance.
Because the report previously listed, make sure that you question the proper queries about your future health insurance insurance coverage.

Anonymous said...

Acer 5920 Netbooks

Feel free to surf to my website covering